Thursday, October 31, 2019
Pre-modern and Modern Political Philosophy Essay
Pre-modern and Modern Political Philosophy - Essay Example Pre-Modern period: Locke and Hobbes Locke and Hobbes are representatives of â€Å"state of nature†political philosophy. On the one hand, â€Å"state of nature†is rather dangerous for the society. There is a lack of security for the society and in spite of the fact that people honor each other and keep their promises and the atmosphere is friendly and pleasant, violent conflicts may occur. Hobbes underlines an obligatory subjection of people to ever existent hazards and violence and no society may exist on the background of unsafe conditions for individual’s existence. Both, Locke and Hobbes underline that the evolution from the state of nature to the civil society does not disturb human nature. Moreover, they claim that when an individual transits from the nature of state to civil society he is improved for sure. Basically, their views of state of nature were different: for Locke state of nature is a peaceful place and for Hobbes it implies brutality, a place f or violence. Therefore, these phlosophers use theoretical tool of â€Å"state of nature†in two different ways: for Hobbes, â€Å"a common Power†is required for people to provide them with safety conditions for existence and avoid conditions of â€Å"Warre†(Hobbes, p. 75). ... Thus, further ideas of Hobbes about a sovereign imply that the latter is the protector of people, the supreme authority. For Locke, sovereign power should be in hands of citizens. In other words, position of Hobbes may be interpreted as relevant to the development of the States with authoritarian regime and Locke’s views are relevant to the States with democracies. Modern Period: Hegel and Marx For Hegel, history’s progression is the realization of absolute mind. In spite of the fact that this concise definition of concept of â€Å"history†was mainly criticized, it should be viewed as an objectification and abstraction of a more multifaceted definition. The main critic of Hegel’s history conceptualization was Marx. Hegel’s philosophy was considered by the latter as an â€Å"inapplicable†philosophy. Hegel’s valuable idea was about history’s progression as the progression of the Spirit from a state of a lesser to a greater freed om. Of course, materialist philosophy developed by Karl Marx contradicts with Hegel’s historical developments. While contrasting spiritual and materialistic philosophies of Marx and Hegel, it can be seen that the moving force for historical development for Marx is material production, not an individual. For Hegel, an important motive forces is mind. The main goal of the State for Hegel is its serving for the needs of people and protection of the private property. For him, the government represents the highest form of ethical life or, in other words, it regulates and corrects internal conflicts of the civil society. For Marx, the civil society is the â€Å"base†for mutual co-existence of productive
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age Essay Example for Free
Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age Essay CS 300 Week 2 Kizza Chapter 4 – Ethics and the Professions pages 65 to 96 Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age, 3rd. Edition, ISBN 978-1-84628-658-2. |Chapter Number and Title: 3 Ethics and the Professions | |Your Name: Brent Robles | |Todays date: 02NOV09 | |Briefly state the main idea of this chapter. | |A continued discussion of ethics in a professional atmosphere. | |2. List three important facts that the author uses to support the main idea: | |The four themes discussed are evolution of professions, the making of an ethical professional, and the professional decisions making process, | |and professionalism and ethical responsibilities. | |3. What information or ideas discussed in this chapter are also discussed in readings from DePalma? List the Unit and Title(s) of the reading:| |De Palma Reading #10 – Dilberts of the World, Unite! | |This article discusses how fast the white collar sector is growing and some of the issues involved. Microsoft is discussed in great detail on | |the treatment of their contracted employees. When it came to wages they were considered to be high-level computer professionals, thus not | |entitled to overtime pay. When it came to benefits, they were treated as temps unworthy of healthcare coverage and stock options. So some | |individuals got together and worked to organize the workers. The article also talks about Microsoft hiring immigrant workers in the same | |positions as Americans and paying them considerably less. The unions worked with congress to oppose Bill Gates request for immigrant visas to | |be extended. There will always be a fight with these companies when trying to keep them hiring Americans. They are just trying to ensure that | |they can maximize profits. I chose this article because it discusses morals in hiring and paying white collar workers. I believe that it had | |ethical issues when dealing with professional issues like equal pay and benefits for immigrants. | |4. List and briefly discuss one of the questions at the end of the chapter. | |Are whistle blowers saints or blackmailers? I think that society has turned a saint into a blackmailer. By this I mean because of the fear of | |reprisal a whistle blower has to keep his mouth shut. But when he doesn’t he is considered to be a disgruntled employee and is trying to | |blackmail his supervision. It is hard to get issue resolved when dealing with a uncooperative management team, that is why employees have | |rights and protections, however there are only a few companies that protect the whistle blower, that is why when the whistle is blown the | |individual is considered to be a problem worker. | |5. List any examples of bias or faulty reasoning that you found in the chapter: Section 4.4.3 discusses guilt and making ethical decisions. | |On page 87 he explains actions that people experiencing guilt will go through. I think that this is a biased or faulty reasoning because not | |everyone goes through this process. I know that this article is a generalization, but there are people in society that make their decisions | |and move on with no remorse or guilt. The statement that guilt causes decision makers to agonize over decisions I think is only true for a | |select few individuals. Those individuals that are affected have to have some integrity and solid values. | |6. List any new terms/concepts that were discussed in the article, and write a short definition: | |Utilitarian – where decisions are made solely on the basis of their intended outcomes or consequences. | |Rights – where decisions are made based on the set of liberties the society enforces such as the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights. | |Justice – which decisions are made so that they are fair, impartial, and equitable to all. |
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Issues in the UK and US
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Issues in the UK and US Why it Remains a Pervasive Issue in the United States and the European Union            Unsolicited sexual harassment, especially toward women, has been a serious and harrowing issue all around the world for centuries. Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 in the United States defines sexual harassment as unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature that create offensive or hostile environments (1964, 3). This includes any instance of verbal harassment, molestation, rape, etc. that violate the victim’s dignity while creating a hostile, humiliating, or degrading environment (European Institute for Gender Equality). Sexual harassment has taken many shapes and forms throughout history but one fact remains, women are exploited and discredited while their harassers are more than often unaffected. Women have not been properly represented and advocated for within their respective countries and their voices have been silenced. They have not had a platform to advocate for themselves as well as others because most of the time, their accusations are ignored, discredited, and they are forced to hide their pain and suffering. Both the United States and the European Union have laws and legislature in place that prohibit institutions, like schools and workplaces, from having any gender discrimination and encourage the protection of women’s rights. Additionally, countries in the EU have ratified convention such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). However, these measures have been ineffective because there is a severe lack of regulation of these laws and conventions and no monitoring of how they are being implemented. Sexual harassment rates rise steadily in both these regions as over sixty percent of women in the US and EU have been sexually harassed in their lifetime (Clarke 2007, 1) and something must be done about it. Thankfully, testimonies, particularly from the past few years, have sparked the creation of movements that shed light on the horrifying instances of sexual harassment of women around the world and expose the individuals behind such abominable acts. Widespread movements, such as #MeToo and Time’s Up have given victims a community to heal and a voice through which they can combat sexual harassment both in and out of the workplace. There would not be a need for movements like these if harassment and assault were not a prominent issue. Sexual harassment remains a pervasive issue in both the United states and the European Union because, even with conventions, laws, and legislature in place, the lack of regulation, limited monitoring of implementation, and an absence of national recognition leave victims alone in their fight.            Sexual harassment comes in many different forms and comprehending them is the first step toward understanding the magnitude of this issue. By comparing how both the United States and the European Union define sexual harassment, we can begin to analyze the inner workings of each country in regard to sexual harassment. Cases of sexual harassment are always unsolicited and unwelcome according to the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Moreover, the European Institute for Gender Equality defines sexual harassment as a form of gender based violence including acts of unwanted physical, verbal, and non-verbal conduct, which have the grounds or effect of violating the victim’s dignity while creating a hostile or degrading environment (EIGE 1). A key word used in the definition of both the US and the EU is unwelcome. The word unwelcome emphasizes the victims’ discomfort and feelings of entrapment. However, it is not the same as involuntary because a victim may have agreed to certain things before realizing it was offensive or potentially dangerous. The main difference between these two interpretations is their focus. The US centralizes on the act of sexual harassment while the EU concentrates on the results.            Additionally, there are two main distinctions of sexual harassment that apply to both the EU and the US. The first is the private sphere. This level details sexual abuse in the home or private life of an individual. A study conducted by Quinnipiac University revealed that fifteen percent of women who have been sexually harassed and/or abused said it happened at home. (Frederick, 2) People often forget that some instances of harassment occur within the victims’ homes because most cases of sexual assault occur in the second sphere, the public sphere. This form involves instances of verbal harassment, sexual advances, molestation, rape, etc. that occur in the general community (RAINN). Also included in the public sphere is sexual harassment in the workplace. United States law recognizes two kinds of sexual harassment within the workplace, quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile work environment. Quid pro quo involves an employee that has to tolerate and endure sexual harassment in exchange for employment, a promotion, a raise, etc. Hostile work environment, as defined by US law, is an offensive work environment that hinders an employee’s performance as a result of sexual harassment in the workplace (Title VII). On the other hand, the EU does not recognize different forms of sexual harassment in the workplace and uses a general definition. This is a huge part of the problem because the lack of distinction and recognition generates apathy and people forget that sexual harassment in the workplace is an entirely different issue on its own.            The impact of sexual harassment on survivors is severe and can range from depression and anxiety to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Victims can grow to fear physical and sexual conduct and avoid leaving their homes (Thomas, 143). According to Equal Rights Advocates, a women’s law center in the US, one in four women, between the ages of 18 and 35, have been sexually harassed in the workplace. This is only a statistic those who have reported sexual assault and, sadly, many women hide their pain and suffering out of fear. Additionally, this ratio gets slimmer as the women get older. The likelihood of women experiencing sexual harassment in or out of the workplace gets higher the older they are. If a study were conducted on women ages 18 to 75, the ratio would be closer to one in two women. 95 percent of these women suffer from debilitating stress reactions including anxiety, headaches, sleep disorders, weight loss or gain, depression, and fear of physical/sexual contact, as mentioned earlier (Equal Rights Advocates).            Furthermore, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) concluded that around 90 million women in all EU Member States have experienced at least one form of sexual harassment since the age of 15. That means that almost 60 percent of women have been sexually harassed. These statistics prove that having ratified a convention such as CEDAW has little to no effect on harassment and assault if there is no implementation and hard-set guidelines. Sexual harassment has a disheartening effect that hinders women from asserting themselves within the workplace. Among men, it reinforces the stereotypical view of women as objects. Extreme sexual harassment creates hostile or intimidating work environments that cause women to quit their jobs and look for another one or it discourages them from seeking jobs altogether. Women are too afraid to speak out about the issues theyre facing because they do not want to lose their jobs but if it gets too intense they feel as there is no other option but to quit. For most of American and European history, women quietly endured mistreatment and harassment in the workplace, with little to no protection or way out. By the 1920s, working women were advised to quit their jobs if they cannot handle sexual advances (Hill, 2). These traumatized women, some of which are single mothers, lose their source of income because their voices are silenced and they cannot advocate for their rights. Moreover, sexual harassment at work can have major consequences not only for the victim but for other working women who witness it. Like the harassed individuals, women try not to draw too much attention to themselves to avoid being sexually harassed as well. This hinders them from performing their best because they do not want to stand out, even if it means sacrificing potential promotions, raises, acknowledgements, etc. (Webb, 52) These women are exploited and mistreated because they have no one to fight for them as laws against sexual harassment both in the US and the EU are not adequately enforced.            The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. It outlines discrimination against women and calls for national action to end gender based discrimination, harassment, and violence. Additionally, it requires States Parties to legislate provisions, programs, policies, and strategies which prohibit sexual harassment in all spheres. The United States was one of the first signatories on the convention but still has not ratified it. The US claims there are laws and regulations already in place that achieve what CEDAW means to accomplish, one of them being Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It aims to eradicate sexual harassment in schools and workplaces. The goal of the Sexual Harassment Policy, which is in effect at all schools and workplaces, is to provide an environment free of sexual harassment, intimidation, and exploitation. However, it has not worked effectively as sexual assault and harassment rates are steadily increasing. On the other hand, countries in the European Union, such as France and the United Kingdom, have signed and ratified CEDAW. After ratifying the convention, member states are required to meet a series of conditions to end discrimination of women in all forms. This includes assimilating gender equality into their legal system, abolishing discriminatory laws and adopting appropriate ones, establishing public institutions, etc.            To monitor the implementation of CEDAW, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women was set in place by the UN. It is comprised of 23 independent experts from around the world that conduct observations and propose recommendations to state parties. However, these observations are few and far apart and the recommendations are not heavily enforced. The committee also requests that reports be sent in every few years from all member states that have ratified CEDAW yet many do not comply. If a country does not send in general reports of how gender equality and anti-sexual harassment laws are being enforced, the UN does not take any action. These countries are still considered to have ratified the convention even if they are not adhering to the guidelines set forth by the UN. I wanted to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the rates of sexual harassment and ratification of CEDAW. I concluded that there is no correlation between the two because the United States and countries in the European Union have the same rates of sexual harassment and assault. On average, over sixty percent of women in the US and EU reported they have been sexually harassed in their lifetime and sexual harassment rates have been steadily increasing in both these regions (Clarke 2007, 1). This all leads back to the lack of appropriate application and reinforcement, for both CEDAW and other legislature like Title VII, that leaves victims and survivors of sexual assault unprotected while the perpetrators get away with their crimes. Furthermore, the unwillingness of national governments to properly implement and fully adhere to regulations concerning sexual harassment in the workplace causes this issue to remain pervasive.            Sexual harassment in the workplace is nothing new and has been an agonizing issue for centuries, but it has seen a massive wave of attention and recognition recently as celebrities, citizens, coworkers, and others use their platforms to advocate for the rights of women around the world. The prevalence of workplace harassment led to the creation of groundbreaking anti-sexual assault and women’s empowerment movements such as #MeToo and Time’s Up. These movements, like many others, would not be necessary if sexual harassment were not an issue or if it were properly addressed by national governments and institutions. Celebrities have stepped up and accused Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who have taken advantage of their positions and sexual harassed women, such as Harvey Weinstein, Louis C. K., and Kevin Spacey. Countless women have spoken out about harassers, specifically Harvey Weinstein whose scandals triggered a series of allegations against similarly powerful men around the world (Rodino-Colocino, 97). These events provoked the creation of the #MeToo movement, a stand against sexual harassment, specifically in the workplace. It started in the United States on social media as a hashtag under which women would share testimonies about their personal experiences with sexual assault, harassment, and rape in the workplace or a professional setting. It provides a community of healing and lets victims and survivors know that they are not alone in their pain. Celebrities are looked up to and their seemingly perfect lives are envied. The #MeToo movement is extremely powerful and shift our view of Hollywood’s elites. Their courage to openly and so vulnerably share their experiences with the world gives women hope. Through their stories, we can also see that fame and fortune does not grant you a perfect life. Celebrities go through pain, discomfort, and fear just like anyone else and this shows women that they can let their voice be heard as well. Victims in European Union countries have found their voice just as Americans through many powerful women’s declarations. The movement went viral in October of 2017 and exposed the widespread prevalence of sexual harassment. Since then, #MeToo has spread to over 200 countries and women in every community, big or small have the courage to speak out and advocate for their own rights (Edge, 22).            In response to the #MeToo movement and the Harvey Weinstein scandal, the Time’s Up movement was founded in January 2018 by Hollywood celebrities. Additionally, many A-listers have assisted in the creation of the Time’s Up Legal Defense Fund. The fund provides legal support, defense, and advising to victims of sexual harassment, assault, or abuse in the workplace. As of February 2018, Time’s Up has raised 20 million dollars for its legal defense fund. It has also gained over 200 volunteer lawyers who are going to work directly with victims to ensure their rights are protected (Chu 2018, 16). When you visit the Time’s Up website, the first thing you see is a quote that reads, â€Å"The clock has run out on sexual assault, harassment, and inequality in the workplace. It is time to do something about it.†This perfectly exemplifies the goal of the movement. The time is up on silencing women and protecting abusers. It is time to make a change and take matters into our own hands since governments refuse to acknowledge the severity of sexual harassment and do something about it (Time’s Up Now). However, the #MeToo and Time’s Up movements have caught plenty of negative backlash. Many men and, surprisingly, even women argue that these movements are unnecessary. Their claims range from attention seeking to pushing an extremist liberal agenda. The individuals who push back are not educated on the goals these movements. Many individuals have claimed that #MeToo and Time’s Up are only ways for women to get more attention and fame by falsely accusing others. People in opposition claim that since there is no proof of the assaults, other than women’s testimonies, how can they believe them? Additionally, men argue that accusations make male workers and executives have to avoid women in the workplace completely. They claim there is no communication between males and females unless it is directly related to work and this can hurt their work performance (Rodino-Colocino, 98). Nevertheless, the opposition to the movement has only given women a bigger reason to fight for their rights and protection. There will always be antagonists but victims and supporters are doing their part to lift their voices, especially for women who are teared down and silenced.            Additionally, the #MeToo and Time’s Up movements have made their way across the pond, literally. What started in the United States has made an impact all over the globe as more than 200 countries have been actively raising awareness and implementing the goals of these movements into their own communities (Edge, 22). The celebrities that have shown their support for the cause, such as Angelina Jolie, Natalie Portman, Justin Timberlake, Sebastian Stan, and many others, have utilized their platforms to advocate for an issue that is not only current in the United States but it applies all over the world including Europe. The global reach of these movements is massive and shows that women refuse to be silenced and cast aside, rather we will unite our voices and speak out for those who cannot. An example of the expansive influence of Time’s Up and #MeToo is the creation of British versions of them. British media and the entertainment industry have had a surge of simmering issues that leave women feeling hopeful of meaningful change. European celebrities, including Kierra Knightley, Emma Watson, and Daisy Ridley, are speaking out and demanding action. By the end of January, the British Time’s Up initiative had gained the support of over 50 internationally acclaimed women (Chu 2018, 16).They are uniting under this cause and increasingly raising their voices in a post Harvey Weinstein age. Various celebrities have reflected the support of Americans by wearing all black to the BAFTA ceremony much like celebrities who wore all black to the Oscars and the Golden Globes.These effects are mirrored in various countries in the EU and the resulting awareness is causing a change of drastic proportions. These movements have been able to achieve what national governments and legislature have failed to do. They have given all women a hopeful voice and have protected and defended them in the face of injustice and sexual harassment.            I believe that there are many changes that could be implemented in both the United States and the European Union to lower the rates of sexual harassment in the workplace and, eventually, eradicate it. First, the United States should recognize the flaws and failures of its laws to fully protect women and eradicate sexual harassment in all spheres. They should take necessary measures to ratify CEDAW and enact legislative provisions that ensure the safety of women in and out of workplaces. There should also be proper punishment measures set forth for the perpetrators, such as termination of employment and prison sentences where necessary. Too many harassers get away with their crimes and they must be stopped. I believe that the US should also allocate funds to organizations, foundations, and movements like Time’s Up and #MeToo that properly identify harassers and provide defense for the victims of sexual assault. Next, countries in the European Union that have ratified CEDAW should regulate and measure the extent of implementations within their respective governments and institutions. I believe that EU countries would also benefit from recognizing various forms of sexual harassment rather than relying on a general definition. Additionally, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women under CEDAW should recruit more members to monitor application of the convention into law. They could also revoke the member states’ benefits of ratification. If they have not made an effort to implement policies and no change is detected, they should not be able to say they ratified the convention.            In conclusion, the prevalence and pervasiveness of sexual harassment in both the United States can be attributed to their lack of regulation of these laws and conventions and the absence of implementation monitoring. Even so, the creation of movements such as Time’s Up and #MeToo have aided in representing for the victims of sexual assault and giving them a voice to speak out about their experiences. The lack of adequate representation and advocacy in the US left women no choice but to speak out for themselves and help others victims and survivors who have been silences. Their stand was inspiring and other countries like the United Kingdom, France, etc. mirrored their movements and efforts (Chu 2018, 16). This has been bringing about the change that governments failed to. Through the strength and global reach of these movement and fund the rates of sexual harassment and assault can be significantly lowered. Additionally, the US and the EU would benefit from implementing appropriate regulations to conventions, updating and revising current law and legislature, setting adequate punishment measures for perpetrators, and nationally recognizing sexual harassment in and out of the workplace. References Chu, Henry. â€Å"Time’s Up Movement Ripples across Pond.†Variety. 339(1):16. 2018. Clarke, Linda. 2007. †Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union: Discriminatory Wrongs and Dignitary Harms†in Common Law World Review, Vol. 36. Edge, Abigail. The #MeToo Movement: Sexual Misconduct Charges Force Industry to Confront Itself†in The Quill. pp. 22. 2018. European Parliament. â€Å"How Could CEDAW be Implemented in the EU Legal Framework?†in Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Frederick, Bob. 2016. The Victims of Sexual Harassment in America. Connecticut: Quinnipiac University. Latcheva, Rossalina. 2017. Sexual Harassment in the European Union: A Pervasive but Still Hidden Form of Gender-Based Violence†in Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Rodino-Colocino, Michelle. â€Å"#MeToo: Countering Cruelty with Empathy in Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies, pp. 96-100. 2018. Swift, Evangeline W. Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, Continuing Challenges. Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. 1996. Thomas, Alison M. Politics, Policies and Practice: Assessing the Impact of Sexual Harassment Policies in UK Universities†in British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2004. Webb, Susan L. Step Forward: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace. MasterMedia Publishing Corporation. 1991. Zippel, Kathrin S. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Friday, October 25, 2019
PlayBall Essay -- Sports, Student Athetes
Issue: What degree of care will PlayBall owe participants, and how might PlayBall minimize liability for failing to reach that standard of care under Washington law? Brief Answer: The duty of care PlayBall will owe participants will depend on their status as student athletes, parents, volunteers, or spectators. It will be difficult for PlayBall to limit liability for negligence involving student athletes, who are minors. The liability to adult participants may be reduced if PlayBall obtains waivers releasing PlayBall from liability or if claimant assumes the risk. Statement of Facts: The client is a newly formed, non-profit corporation here in Washington. It is called PlayBall, Inc. It was established to provide high school students, who are either home-schooled or attend small private schools that do not have their own sports teams, with opportunities to play on teams and to compete in state-wide competitions with other high-school teams. It has not started operations yet. The business plan, at this point, is that PlayBall will recruit volunteer coaches and players for three sports -- football, baseball and soccer. The players must be between 13 and 18 years old and must not have access to these team sports at the school they attend, nor be eligible to join a team at another school. Players, or their families, will pay a modest fee to join a team. The fee is designed to offset PlayBall’s administrative costs in organizing teams, sponsoring league competitions, training coaches and providing equipment. PlayBall will not provide transportation. Parents will do that. PlayBall will not be using school property, but will have their games and practices in public parks and facilities. PlayBall will not be joining Washingto... ...ntiff is injured as a result of a risk inherent in the sport, the defendant has no duty and there is no negligence.†Taylor v. Baseball Club of Seattle, 130 P. 3d 835, 838 (Wash. Ct. App. 2006). As long as the risk is reasonably foreseeable, PB should be able to avoid a duty of care to spectators. Conclusion PB should use a combination of techniques to manage risks including waivers that warn of potential risks, parental indemnity clauses, and proper training for volunteers to ensure they meet the standard of care and shift risk where possible. These are generally cost-free methods that can reduce litigation costs by waiving the rights of one party to another for negligence claims. However, because waivers cannot bar a minor’s claim, and there is always a chance of human error, it is crucial that PB purchase insurance to cover the costs of potential liability. PlayBall Essay -- Sports, Student Athetes Issue: What degree of care will PlayBall owe participants, and how might PlayBall minimize liability for failing to reach that standard of care under Washington law? Brief Answer: The duty of care PlayBall will owe participants will depend on their status as student athletes, parents, volunteers, or spectators. It will be difficult for PlayBall to limit liability for negligence involving student athletes, who are minors. The liability to adult participants may be reduced if PlayBall obtains waivers releasing PlayBall from liability or if claimant assumes the risk. Statement of Facts: The client is a newly formed, non-profit corporation here in Washington. It is called PlayBall, Inc. It was established to provide high school students, who are either home-schooled or attend small private schools that do not have their own sports teams, with opportunities to play on teams and to compete in state-wide competitions with other high-school teams. It has not started operations yet. The business plan, at this point, is that PlayBall will recruit volunteer coaches and players for three sports -- football, baseball and soccer. The players must be between 13 and 18 years old and must not have access to these team sports at the school they attend, nor be eligible to join a team at another school. Players, or their families, will pay a modest fee to join a team. The fee is designed to offset PlayBall’s administrative costs in organizing teams, sponsoring league competitions, training coaches and providing equipment. PlayBall will not provide transportation. Parents will do that. PlayBall will not be using school property, but will have their games and practices in public parks and facilities. PlayBall will not be joining Washingto... ...ntiff is injured as a result of a risk inherent in the sport, the defendant has no duty and there is no negligence.†Taylor v. Baseball Club of Seattle, 130 P. 3d 835, 838 (Wash. Ct. App. 2006). As long as the risk is reasonably foreseeable, PB should be able to avoid a duty of care to spectators. Conclusion PB should use a combination of techniques to manage risks including waivers that warn of potential risks, parental indemnity clauses, and proper training for volunteers to ensure they meet the standard of care and shift risk where possible. These are generally cost-free methods that can reduce litigation costs by waiving the rights of one party to another for negligence claims. However, because waivers cannot bar a minor’s claim, and there is always a chance of human error, it is crucial that PB purchase insurance to cover the costs of potential liability.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Artur Czapla: Manager of MIG-Investments
Arturo Cabala is the manager of my big real estate company, called MIX-elements. He was born on the 23rd February 1985 and has started his career at a very young age. While still a teenager, he has interned at companies such as Dolomite and also worked at his father's firm to gain valuable experience. He was admitted to MIX- Investments for the position of a sales representative and has worked his way up to the administrative position over the course of 3 years. His main responsibilities as a manager include allocating others' work and supervising his subordinates.Some of the many positive qualities that enable him to perform well at the Job are motivation and consistency. His great organization skills help him make sure that all deadlines are met. Arturo Cabala Is a person who Is Incredibly demanding and expects everyone to put their best effort Into the tasks they are performing. However, at the same time he can maintain friendly relationships with all of his subordinates. Cabala I s a great worker with few blemishes which are overridden by his Immense assets. Even though he has his flaws, he Is someone highly recommendable. E administrative position over the course of 3 years. His main responsibilities as a the many positive qualities that enable him to perform well at the job are motivation are met. Arturo Cabala is a person who is incredibly demanding and expects everyone to put their best effort into the tasks they are performing. However, at the same time he can maintain friendly relationships with all of his subordinates. Cabala is a great worker with few blemishes which are overridden by his immense assets. Even though he has his flaws, he is someone highly recommendable.Arturo Cabala is the manager of my big real estate company, called MIX-elements. He was born on the 23rd February 1 985 and has started his career at a very young age. While still a teenager, he has interned at companies such as Dolomite and also worked at his father's firm to gain valu able experience. He was admitted to MIX-elements for the position of a sales representative and has worked his way up to the administrative position over the course of 3 years. His main responsibilities as a manager Include allocating others' work and supervising his subordinates.Some of the many positive qualities that enable him to perform well at the Job are motivation and consistency. HIS great organization skills help him make sure that all deadlines are met. Arturo Cabala Is a person who Is Incredibly demanding and expects everyone to put their best effort Into the tasks they are performing. However, at the same time he can maintain friendly relationships with all of his subordinates. Cabala Is a great worker with few blemishes which are overridden by his immense assets. Even though he has his
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Sperm Child essays
Sperm Child essays A majority of the children are born with their living parents. By contrast to these children, a girl was born with the sperm extracted from her dead father and implanted into her mothers body. This case has created many ethical issues and many debates, whether it should be allowed or should be forbidden. In my opinion, this practice should be allowed because the child is a memory of the husband to his wife, and because the wife has the right to have the sperm and the child. First, the child is a memory of the husband to his wife. Because of the husbands death, his wife would feel very sad. The child would be a connection belonging to her and her husband so that she would feel better and have someone to share the sorrow with her. She had just lost the most important person in her life. A child would bring her a new happiness and would bring her back from the end of the world to the normal life. With the help of modern science, the widow could have a child of her and her dead husband. Nevertheless, people say that there are other ways to forget the sadness. However, the widow may go traveling or remarry, but having a child is a new and a good option for her. It is more natural than the one from a sperm bank. Technology is used to help people, and the child from the sperm of a dead father helps the widow. This modern medical method would bring benefit and happiness to the widow, and it would be useful for people. If it is prohibited, people shall counter to peoples own benefit. Second, the wife has the right to have the sperm and the child. Naturally, the wife would inherit everything from her husband after his death. Thus, the wife can make a decision about his body. Because the sperm is a part of the body, she can have and use it. Moreover, conceiving a child from these sperm did not break the law and was not a bad thing. Besides, some people say that these sperm are not properties to inherit. However, they are a ...
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